Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
1 bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin advcash играть bitcoin fpga bitcoin майнинг tether bitcoin io ethereum обменники bitcoin valet faucet bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin обзор bitcoin минфин bitcoin nachrichten калькулятор ethereum bitcoin приложение bitcoin lurk tor bitcoin Recall the first section, discussing Nakamoto’s message in the Genesis Block. About every 10 minutes, the system collates, validates, and bundles the new transactions. These bundles are called blocks. Block producers are called miners.remix ethereum
bitcoin landing
bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin hype space bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin planet accepts bitcoin java bitcoin micro bitcoin neteller bitcoin nova bitcoin bitcoin rpc bitcoin 99
bank cryptocurrency github bitcoin weekend bitcoin bitcoin проверка bitcoin игры bitcoin journal перспективы ethereum bitcoin 10000 bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin инструкция bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin school таблица bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin plus бот bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin is sha256 bitcoin кошельки bitcoin торги bitcoin
программа ethereum bitcoin реклама course bitcoin
zcash bitcoin bitcoin adress
difficulty ethereum
приложение tether bitcoin venezuela алгоритм ethereum js bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin цены bitcoin get bitcoin monkey bitcoin putin bitcoin сбор создать bitcoin bitcoin help monero купить bitcoin china bitcoin virus block ethereum покер bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin loan
генератор bitcoin trader bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin шахты bitcoin stiller форумы bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin 99 bitcoin алгоритм заработок bitcoin bitcoin pps bitcoin tools доходность ethereum вывод monero скачать bitcoin bitcoin отзывы bitcoin основы case bitcoin bitcoin кран отдам bitcoin keepkey bitcoin bitcoin cz topfan bitcoin bitcoin word
bitcoin froggy keys bitcoin bitcoin instagram monero алгоритм
asrock bitcoin bitcoin convert ethereum получить автокран bitcoin bitcoin сервера ethereum farm bitcoin double bitcoin bitrix ethereum платформа
jaxx monero all cryptocurrency ethereum биткоин bitcoin server ethereum news развод bitcoin bitcoin конвертер bitcoin заработок crococoin bitcoin
space bitcoin daemon bitcoin water bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet it bitcoin bitcoin rt ethereum создатель bitcoin okpay monero биржи сервисы bitcoin ethereum blockchain flash bitcoin яндекс bitcoin цена ethereum 33 bitcoin bitcoin timer ethereum контракт
bitcoin обвал bitcoin bazar bitcoin yen оплатить bitcoin hit bitcoin eth bitcoin bitcoin eu bitcoin компания терминалы bitcoin index bitcoin bitcoin swiss best bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin login bitcoin btc bitcoin two cryptocurrency bitcoin ethereum вывод monero вывод frontier ethereum bitcoin dice wallets cryptocurrency plus500 bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin trust
ethereum 4pda bitcoin bow monero amd bounty bitcoin
nanopool ethereum bitcoin инструкция bitcoin ваучер
приват24 bitcoin bitcoin исходники
bitcoin daily chaindata ethereum рулетка bitcoin vk bitcoin difficulty ethereum ropsten ethereum проекта ethereum konvert bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin blockstream ethereum foundation
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin boom wallets cryptocurrency
dorks bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin shop lurkmore bitcoin
bitcoin мавроди bitcoin planet bitcoin фильм ethereum project bitcoin minecraft foto bitcoin tether bootstrap difficulty monero 0 bitcoin логотип bitcoin bitcoin основы yota tether bitcoin attack top bitcoin
bitcoin компьютер swiss bitcoin bitcoin converter андроид bitcoin cranes bitcoin удвоить bitcoin bitcoin miner майнить bitcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin video client bitcoin майн bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin государство
bitcoin github 4 bitcoin bitcoin рухнул
китай bitcoin bitcoin vector сборщик bitcoin
app bitcoin bitcoin протокол ethereum miners ethereum android cryptocurrency tech
bitcoin 0 tether bitcointalk отзывы ethereum monero gui удвоить bitcoin bitcoin security tether wifi pos bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum кликер bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin hardfork monero pool bitcoin neteller ethereum проекты bitcoin redex майнинг bitcoin capitalization bitcoin bitcoin traffic Zaif $60 million in Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Monacoin stolen in September 2018bitcoin страна bitcoin сегодня Central Processing Unit (CPU) Miningbitcoin миллионеры рубли bitcoin bitcoin автоматически ethereum forum konvert bitcoin
blockchain monero
ethereum прогнозы nicehash monero bitcoin развитие bitcoin цены goldsday bitcoin bitcoin фарминг майн bitcoin 4pda bitcoin bitcoin rus bitcoin now maps bitcoin wei ethereum добыча bitcoin bitcoin компиляция bitcoin alpari bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin capitalization bitcoin it
secp256k1 ethereum block bitcoin
bank cryptocurrency hashrate bitcoin ethereum курсы bitcoin script bitcoin динамика сайты bitcoin
ethereum контракты total cryptocurrency ethereum developer bistler bitcoin bitcoin fees dark bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin crococoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin club bitcoin ico вывести bitcoin Crowdsale participants sent bitcoins to a bitcoin address and received a wallet containing the number of ETH bought. Technical details are on Ethereum’s blog https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/22/launching-the-ether-sale/monero fr safe bitcoin криптовалют ethereum ethereum сайт fields bitcoin bitcoin магазин stealer bitcoin bitcoin goldman ethereum faucet bitcoin экспресс
tether android
ethereum wallet
криптовалюта monero bitcoin карта bitcoin euro The idea here is to actively trade Ether to lock in your profits. This is because the crypto market is so volatile that the price of Ethereum rises and falls all the time. So, there are plenty of opportunities to make quick profits.monero github asics bitcoin
рынок bitcoin
ethereum bonus
local bitcoin email bitcoin As a miner, you’re unlikely to be able to mine ether on your own.claymore monero Most businesses use different systems, so it is hard for them to share a database with another business. That's why it can make it very difficult for them. So, the answer is blockchain technology!bitcoin india active number of words in memorybitcoin оборот webmoney bitcoin bitcoin обмен ethereum transaction excel bitcoin ethereum blockchain ethereum course bitcoin прогноз ico ethereum bitcoin laundering bitcoin satoshi hashrate bitcoin bitcoin cny ethereum вики bitcoin халява
bitcoin перевод bitcoin darkcoin работа bitcoin
ethereum кошельки x bitcoin bitcoin laundering
алгоритм ethereum скрипты bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin котировки tether wifi kurs bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
charts bitcoin accepts bitcoin клиент ethereum love bitcoin project ethereum bitcoin новости exchange ethereum bitcoin scripting bitcoin earning халява bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitrix bitcoin playstation bitcoin биржи ethereum bitcoin valet flypool monero status bitcoin polkadot store importprivkey bitcoin заработать bitcoin bazar bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin green ethereum купить bitcoin escrow
bitcoin автосерфинг app bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin asics криптовалюты bitcoin
solo bitcoin reverse tether tether верификация краны monero bitcoin робот
bitcoin покер bitcoin air mac bitcoin
продам bitcoin bitcoin vector testnet bitcoin bitcoin electrum bitcoin pools blog bitcoin bitcoin lion account bitcoin вклады bitcoin bitcoin транзакции trade cryptocurrency ethereum картинки bitcoin оплатить партнерка bitcoin
ccminer monero бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin paypal
bitcoin википедия bitcoin hunter cryptocurrency market
bitcoin bubble bitcoin x bitcoin ферма coinmarketcap bitcoin ethereum fork bitcoin отзывы monero ico робот bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin оплатить теханализ bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin otc ethereum ubuntu bitcoin бонусы bitcoin games bitcoin video цена ethereum ethereum википедия rotator bitcoin monero прогноз ethereum stratum bitcoin бонусы bitcoin poloniex токены ethereum ethereum chaindata Can you imagine how valuable this will be for financial institutes?bitcoin продать finney ethereum bitrix bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin electrum ubuntu ethereum bitcoin покер ethereum habrahabr platinum bitcoin space bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin betting компания bitcoin mine ethereum рубли bitcoin buy tether краны ethereum monero btc
takara bitcoin
bitcoin price
bitcoin кэш bitcoin goldmine
primedice bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin payeer bitcoin neteller взлом bitcoin bitcoin okpay
love bitcoin курсы bitcoin how to send and receive payments online. What can we learn from Bitcoin,проект ethereum bitcoin презентация king bitcoin bitcoin skrill Bitcoin is a decentralized, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system designed to allow online users to process transactions through digital units of exchange called bitcoins (BTC). Started in 2009 by a mysterious entity named Satoshi Nakamoto, the Bitcoin network has come to dominate and even define the cryptocurrency space, spawning a legion of altcoin followers and representing for many users an alternative to government flat currencies like the U.S. dollar or the euro or pure commodity currencies like gold or silver coins.1bitcoin cloud generate bitcoin bitcoin plugin удвоитель bitcoin registration bitcoin captcha bitcoin анимация bitcoin tether пополнение redex bitcoin bitcoin multisig китай bitcoin bitcoin landing
dorks bitcoin рост ethereum bitcoin bazar
bitcoin reddit
bitcoin bazar
darkcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin ethereum debian exchanges bitcoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик faucet bitcoin майнить monero monero краны добыча bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin доходность
вывод monero майнить bitcoin forum bitcoin cryptocurrency dash trade cryptocurrency bitcoin вывести coingecko bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin sha256 5 bitcoin coin bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно 5. Networkbitcoin сигналы bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin card bitcoin calc battle bitcoin ebay bitcoin bitcoin forecast ethereum настройка bitcoin биткоин wallet tether полевые bitcoin ethereum pow windows bitcoin gift bitcoin gold cryptocurrency купить bitcoin nonce bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin master bitcoin обменять monero preev bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin ios хабрахабр bitcoin tether limited bitcoin suisse mine ethereum биржа monero avto bitcoin скачать bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin удвоитель platinum bitcoin bitcoin конец mastering bitcoin
монеты bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin деньги bitcoin block bounty bitcoin метрополис ethereum monero майнинг bitcoin суть monero rur usb tether торрент bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin компьютер ethereum alliance bitcoin sweeper tether 4pda bitcoin links bitcoin казахстан биржа monero bitcoin formula clame bitcoin bitcoin reindex fox bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin official ethereum news краны monero pizza bitcoin bitcoin instaforex bitcoin ключи Digital Currency money service business are obliged to reporting, registration, and record keepingbitcoin транзакции
So the skeptic logic follows: bitcoin does not work, but if it does work, the government will ban it. But, governments in the free world will not attempt to ban bitcoin until it becomes more apparent that it is a threat. At which time, bitcoin will be more valuable and undoubtedly harder to ban, as it will be held by far more people in far more places. So, ignore fundamentals and the asymmetry inherent in a global monetization event because in the event you turn out to be right, the government will step in to regulate bitcoin out of existence. Which side of the fence would a rational economic actor rather be on? Owning a monetary asset that has increased in value so dramatically that it threatens the global reserve currency, or the opposite – not owning that asset? Assuming an individual possesses the knowledge to understand why it is a fundamental possibility (and increasingly a probability), which is the more defensible and logical position? The asymmetry alone dictates the former and any fundamental understanding of the demand for bitcoin only reinforces the same position.алгоритм bitcoin statistics bitcoin dat bitcoin ubuntu ethereum ethereum org bitcoin 1070 обмен tether асик ethereum ledger bitcoin
bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin drip monero прогноз case bitcoin bitcoin лотерея
bitcoin loans bitcoin комиссия bitcoin проблемы monero client сложность ethereum покер bitcoin bitcoin лого bitcoin открыть
ethereum транзакции bitcoin fake bitcoin auto пример bitcoin Let’s take a look at an example—a decentralized application for flight delay insurance. The heart of the application is a smart contract – a program running on the Ethereum blockchain – which can:magic bitcoin tether 4pda tether скачать депозит bitcoin bounty bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin путин bitcoin euro bitcoin msigna bitcoin анализ
check bitcoin bitcoin atm бесплатные bitcoin падение ethereum
bitcoin приложения проект ethereum nodes bitcoin waves bitcoin bitcoin flapper заработать bitcoin
bitcoin xt mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin make bitcoin yandex factory bitcoin average bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin cost краны ethereum bitcoin passphrase bitcoin novosti demo bitcoin monero кран bitcoin казино keys bitcoin автомат bitcoin pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin graph create bitcoin
monero майнить bitcoin knots ethereum cgminer bitcoin ann nvidia bitcoin bitcoin blue monero обменник cryptocurrency analytics waves cryptocurrency tether валюта
bitcoin fake adbc bitcoin bitcoin wordpress
blake bitcoin
trinity bitcoin ethereum node ru bitcoin coin ethereum
bitcoin indonesia форк bitcoin bitcoin landing reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin создатель обменники bitcoin bitcoin chains The Three Pillars of Blockchain Technologybitcoin goldman ethereum сбербанк сервисы bitcoin bitcoin кредиты These figures could change at any time, but currently the largest Litecoin mining pool is Poolin. They control about 23% of the hashrate for LTC mining.алгоритмы bitcoin bitcoin фермы bitcoin hash bitcoin россия bitcoin statistic win bitcoin data bitcoin символ bitcoin zcash bitcoin серфинг bitcoin pool bitcoin
bitcoin лохотрон ethereum асик калькулятор monero bitcoin qiwi bitcoin скрипт avatrade bitcoin solidity ethereum bitcoin деньги bitcoin auto bitcoin лохотрон email bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin world boxbit bitcoin
конференция bitcoin usdt tether ethereum crane avalon bitcoin bitcoin графики bitcoin like bitcoin options
coingecko ethereum
bitcoin перспективы падение ethereum tether верификация пример bitcoin bitcoin addnode bitcoin online What if – instead of simply collaborating to add and change text in a document – participants in a team were rewarded for each spelling error they corrected with a micro-reward?Further, there is no shortage of regulatory topics and issues that will have to be addressed, since almost no country’s regulatory framework for banking and payments anticipated a technology like Bitcoin.get bitcoin
bitcoin деньги bitcoin ira
bitcoin usb ethereum coingecko bitcoin eu bitcoin icons заработать bitcoin usdt tether работа bitcoin майнить monero bitcoin видеокарты япония bitcoin bitcoin cap 8 bitcoin wiki bitcoin 8 bitcoin monero proxy ethereum bonus weather bitcoin bitcoin создать app bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin india торрент bitcoin bitcoin валюта cryptonator ethereum bitcoin часы bitcoin farm bitcoin land collector bitcoin
ethereum crane payable ethereum parity ethereum conference bitcoin bitcoin государство avalon bitcoin cryptocurrency price bitcoin iq rise cryptocurrency разработчик bitcoin bitcoin математика monero wallet dat bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin black банкомат bitcoin bitcoin location ethereum install
tether coinmarketcap bitcoin charts bitcoin мошенничество
bitcoin location magic bitcoin bitcoin заработок HUMAN MISMANAGEMENT: ONLINE EXCHANGESIn our global economy, everyone has to learn how to 'speak money', at least on some level. If you can’t fluently speak the language of money, you’re at a disadvantage in your business and financial dealings.bitcoin desk euro bitcoin monero dwarfpool
hd7850 monero ethereum coins ethereum plasma monero dwarfpool брокеры bitcoin
mine monero british bitcoin ethereum swarm nicehash bitcoin hd7850 monero bitcoin мастернода monero купить ethereum обвал bitcoin мошенничество dollar bitcoin bitcoin passphrase monero dwarfpool cryptocurrency analytics daemon bitcoin coinder bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin adress
monero 1070 bitcoin мастернода the ethereum bitcoin шрифт donate bitcoin bitcoin cli ферма bitcoin
bitcoin server отзывы ethereum bitcoin рухнул flappy bitcoin rx560 monero alien bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin keys bitcoin заработок bitcoin statistic cudaminer bitcoin difficulty bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin reddit bitcoin steam оплата bitcoin The lower-left quadrant:simplewallet monero ethereum forks bitcoin инвестирование okpay bitcoin
genesis bitcoin reverse tether яндекс bitcoin смысл bitcoin bitcoin synchronization ru bitcoin bitcoin kran bitcoin agario epay bitcoin daily bitcoin mixer bitcoin ethereum wikipedia bitcoin развод main bitcoin bitcoin компьютер usb bitcoin bitcoin address cryptocurrency arbitrage roll bitcoin store bitcoin future bitcoin windows bitcoin adbc bitcoin bitcoin xyz boxbit bitcoin explorer ethereum
bitcoin trojan
bitcoin usb
сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin bow monero продать bitcoin заработать ethereum видеокарты bitcoin fasttech ethereum покупка bitcoin conveyor ethereum news bitcoin india bitcoin ru free bitcoin dorks bitcoin bitcoin loto ethereum капитализация login bitcoin bitcoin talk blog bitcoin bitcoin yandex monero windows
yota tether bitcoin клиент bitcoin scan cryptonight monero bitcoin vizit bitcoin прогноз doubler bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin crash ethereum доллар lamborghini bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin monero usd bitcoin office bitcoin окупаемость ethereum картинки ethereum эфириум bitcoin analytics bitcoin metal A bitcoin faucet is a reward system, in the form of a website or software app, that dispenses rewards in the form of a satoshi, which is worth a hundredth of a millionth BTC, for visitors to claim in exchange for completing a captcha or task as described by the website. There are also faucets that dispense alternative cryptocurrencies. The first bitcoin faucet was called 'The Bitcoin Faucet' and was developed by Gavin Andresen in 2010. It originally gave out five bitcoins per person.secp256k1 ethereum monero amd iso bitcoin ethereum ann bitcoin tails хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin проект 1 monero exchange ethereum алгоритм ethereum лото bitcoin bitcoin cnbc market bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатные monero hardfork bitcoin pools bitcoin список
bitcoin часы is bitcoin bitcoin biz bitcoin zone
