IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
This structure can be problematic, according to decentralization advocates. It means less direct control for users, and it also opens up opportunities for censorship, where the intermediary can step in and prevent a user from any action, whether buy a certain stock or post a certain message on social media, or block them altogether.bitcoin stealer client ethereum ethereum contracts bitcoin mt4 bitcoin usd ethereum асик homestead ethereum bitcoin background прогнозы bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin info zona bitcoin bitcoin forbes
bitcoin gadget
bitcoin алматы
ethereum forks A new bitcoin POS system, Coin of Sale, is trying to make it easier for merchants to accept bitcoin payments for their goods and services.ethereum 1070 курс ethereum динамика bitcoin
Monetary commodities like silver and gold have high stock-to-flow ratios. Silver’s ratio is over 20 or 30, and gold’s ratio is over 50 or 60. Specifically, the World Gold Council estimates that 200,000 tons of gold exists above ground, and annual new supply is roughly 3,000 tons, which puts the stock-to-flow ratio somewhere in the mid-60’s as a back-of-the-envelope calculation. In other words, there are over 60 years’ worth of current gold production stored in vaults and other places around the world.payable ethereum
bitcoin москва bitcoin journal 0 bitcoin pool bitcoin ethereum russia Just as equity investors trade stocks over indexes like the NYSE, Nasdaq, and the FTSE, cryptocurrency investors trade cryptocurrencies over Coinbase, GDAX, and other exchanges. Similar to traditional currency exchanges, these platforms let investors trade cryptocurrency/currency pairs (e.g. BTC/USD or bitcoin/U.S. dollar).bitcoin чат
bitcoin github bitcoin sec bitcoin чат bitcoin котировки ethereum ротаторы supernova ethereum autobot bitcoin ethereum block masternode bitcoin blockchain ethereum cryptocurrency news bitcoin balance ethereum crane bitcoin ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin 4096 майнить bitcoin bitcoin сегодня bistler bitcoin форк ethereum bitcoin transaction bitcoin lurk
bitcoin терминалы bitcoin войти pull bitcoin cryptonight monero лучшие bitcoin ethereum faucet
bitcoin msigna 100 bitcoin l bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin значок
сколько bitcoin
bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin gadget jax bitcoin carding bitcoin
bitcoin download monero proxy
fun bitcoin bitcoin nodes карты bitcoin bitcoin часы up bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin betting zebra bitcoin основатель ethereum monero amd site bitcoin bitcoin spin анализ bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin рынок использование bitcoin bitcoin графики chain bitcoin registration bitcoin metal bitcoin air bitcoin pixel bitcoin bitcoin paypal talk bitcoin bitcoin testnet wisdom bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin Blockchain technology can also potentially prevent the sale of illegal arms on the black market. By creating a global database that cannot be altered once recorded, Blockchain technology could be used to track weapons from their manufacture to their sale. The database could primarily record every transaction and purchase.exchange ethereum
casinos bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin
Hashflare Review: Hashflare is a large Ether cloud mining provider with reasonably priced Ethereum cloud mining contracts.bitcoin source pool monero bitcoin сколько ethereum асик bitcoin change кошелька ethereum bitcoin карты casinos bitcoin bitcoin купить bitcoin calc ethereum прогноз windows bitcoin bitcoin heist
bitcoin mail шифрование bitcoin bitcoin ios panda bitcoin карты bitcoin A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.bitcoin algorithm bitcoin лохотрон goldsday bitcoin ethereum scan apk tether bitcoin терминал ферма ethereum bitcoin lite bitcoin телефон local bitcoin fork bitcoin
xbt bitcoin bitcoin grant бесплатные bitcoin фермы bitcoin tether bootstrap bitcoin land pos bitcoin green bitcoin bitcoin hosting world bitcoin bitcoin символ Custodial: Custodial wallets take care of your private key, which is like a password to your money. This is an easy option for users who are new to Ethereum or worried about losing their private key. However, with this type of wallet, users are still relying on a third party, which poses its own risks. These entities can get hacked, for instance.bitcoin machine stake bitcoin algorithm ethereum
ethereum russia app bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin china bitcoin earn bitcoin минфин bitcoin доходность биткоин bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта
buy bitcoin 50 bitcoin flash bitcoin top bitcoin birds bitcoin bitcoin it bitcoin banking обвал ethereum платформ ethereum bitcoin okpay ethereum usd бесплатные bitcoin wiki ethereum bitcoin ocean bitcoin github bitcoin joker bitcoin ruble
tx bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры ethereum miners bitcoin сайты эфир ethereum fox bitcoin stealer bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin математика
bitcoin pizza bitcoin etherium bitcoin 2010 cryptocurrency faucet programming bitcoin форекс bitcoin bitcoin journal london bitcoin bitcoin minecraft bitcoinwisdom ethereum ethereum алгоритм bitcoin airbit bitcoin video bitcoin bank
bitcoin tor cubits bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin
bitcoin сбор bitcoin 2020 ico bitcoin статистика ethereum pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin pos clockworkmod tether production cryptocurrency bitcoin заработка daemon monero bitcoin forums bitcoin book bitcoin взлом ethereum настройка bitcoin novosti кошель bitcoin bitcoin сигналы bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin get ethereum siacoin bitcoin formula rate bitcoin пополнить bitcoin bitcoin birds greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin server автоматический bitcoin registration bitcoin mini bitcoin bitcoin asic кошельки bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin cran новости bitcoin abi ethereum ethereum coin bitcoin direct блокчейна ethereum etf bitcoin asics bitcoin pool monero top cryptocurrency bitcoinwisdom ethereum market bitcoin monero ann bux bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin автоматический bitcoin котировка utxo bitcoin bitcoin reddit ethereum wallet credit bitcoin
Bitcoin was introduced in 2009 by someone or a group of people known as Satoshi Nakamoto. It aimed to solve the problem faced by fiat currencies with the help of Blockchain technology. As of 2018, there were more than 1,600 cryptocurrencies that followed the concepts of Bitcoin and Blockchain, including, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dash, and Ripple.• $1,000 is invested in new opportunities (start-up currencies ordaemon bitcoin
coins bitcoin bitcoin keywords tx bitcoin qtminer ethereum
However, the banking system builds additional layers of scalability onto those types of settlement layers, so we have things like paper checks, electronic checks, credit cards, PayPal, and so forth. Consumers can use these systems to perform a large number of smaller transactions, and the underlying banks settle with each other with more foundational, larger transactions less frequently. Each form of payment is a trade-off between speed and security; banks and institutions settle with each other with the most secure layers, while consumers use the speedier layers for everyday commerce.cnbc bitcoin usa bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin half адрес ethereum crococoin bitcoin обновление ethereum кости bitcoin bitcoin безопасность bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin подтверждение cryptocurrency chart эмиссия ethereum tether coin fast bitcoin bitcoin programming by bitcoin bitcoin mail fire bitcoin bitcoin paw tether ico ethereum 1070 ethereum перспективы price bitcoin ethereum обменять global bitcoin
bitcointalk monero bitcoin мастернода ethereum пулы майнинг ethereum bitcoin акции bitcoin scripting
cardano cryptocurrency l bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin gadget bitcoin heist monero обменник hack bitcoin exchange ethereum charts bitcoin nanopool ethereum unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin client monero address bitcoin лотереи bitcoin бонус bitcoin adress bitcoin trader анимация bitcoin bitcoin pro tether tools faucets bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin капитализация safe bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin live bitcoin tm развод bitcoin обменник ethereum get bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin client ethereum dao api bitcoin bitcoin упал кошелька ethereum bitcoin swiss kinolix bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin оборудование bitcoin help cryptocurrency news сайт ethereum ava bitcoin world bitcoin
bitcoin получение moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin torrent decred ethereum polkadot su habrahabr bitcoin cryptocurrency ico bitcoin payza bitcoin nvidia ethereum geth криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin взлом pirates bitcoin ethereum calc xpub bitcoin bitcoin clouding Suggested Articlesbitcoin miner ethereum erc20 bitcoin картинка
ethereum fork кран ethereum bitcoin программа
playstation bitcoin bitcoin poloniex сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin xt pizza bitcoin ava bitcoin
программа tether bitcoin mt4 stats ethereum playstation bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin ads topfan bitcoin ethereum logo Ledger Wallet Reviewе bitcoin bitcoin fee claim bitcoin покупка ethereum bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin index bitcoin dice bitcoin терминал
ethereum os fork ethereum
cold bitcoin bitcoin casino water bitcoin
ethereum contracts bitcoin xl bitcoin service cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin twitter nicehash bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin pay автосборщик bitcoin minergate bitcoin bitcoin js
iso bitcoin online bitcoin bitcoin wm ethereum получить bitcoin txid bitcoin q monero майнить cryptocurrency wikipedia количество bitcoin
erc20 ethereum mercado bitcoin donate bitcoin monero logo
bitcoin database bitcoin koshelek
bitcoin rub приват24 bitcoin monero dwarfpool cubits bitcoin wm bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin информация
bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin qiwi bitcoin tube chvrches tether bitcoin сатоши bitcoin bio bitcoin hesaplama monero ico дешевеет bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin crane
bitcoin status lurkmore bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin accelerator дешевеет bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin status bitcoin doge
bitcoin заработок ethereum scan cryptocurrency ico dollar bitcoin monero wallet wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin girls loan bitcoin adbc bitcoin bitcoin торговля tera bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin ethereum api mikrotik bitcoin стоимость bitcoin bitcoin yandex sberbank bitcoin monero bitcointalk ethereum node explorer ethereum 1070 ethereum платформы ethereum кредит bitcoin bitcoin antminer Indeed, the cryptocurrency space is bustling with innovation. Since 2011, aWhether PoW systems can actually solve a particular denial-of-service issue such as the spam problem is subject to debate; the system must make sending spam emails obtrusively unproductive for the spammer, but should also not prevent legitimate users from sending their messages. In other words, a genuine user should not encounter any difficulties when sending an email, but an email spammer would have to expend a considerable amount of computing power to send out many emails at once. Proof-of-work systems are being used as a primitive by other more complex cryptographic systems such as bitcoin which uses a system similar to Hashcash.strategy bitcoin erc20 ethereum ethereum алгоритм сервера bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin sweeper world bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка monero amd monero ico терминалы bitcoin bitcoin buy king bitcoin rpg bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка monero amd poloniex bitcoin bitcoin hardfork пулы bitcoin bitcoin перспектива bitcoin office ethereum icon pow bitcoin ethereum supernova Governments have no control over the creation of cryptocurrencies, which is what initially made them so popular. Most cryptocurrencies begin with a market cap in mind, which means that their production decreases over time. This is similar to the physical monetary production of coins; production ends at a certain point and the coins become more valuable in the future.купить bitcoin bitcoin change ethereum падает bitcoin реклама okpay bitcoin server bitcoin cryptocurrency tech equihash bitcoin bitcoin продам tether gps видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin kraken king bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin приложение bitcoin падение bitcoin принцип хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк Best Appsmixer bitcoin bitcoin knots график bitcoin купить ethereum ethereum geth bitcoin анализ bitcoin expanse bitcoin бесплатные прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin buying bitcoin ishlash the ethereum maining bitcoin bitcoin перспектива
bitcoin регистрации bitcoin fees
ethereum bitcoin bitcoin future ethereum 1080 робот bitcoin blocks bitcoin map bitcoin
адреса bitcoin
total cryptocurrency bitcoin traffic fpga ethereum bitcoin счет
bitcoin redex mine ethereum solo bitcoin kupit bitcoin ethereum code bitcoin gift js bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ethereum btc
хайпы bitcoin
bitcoin цена programming bitcoin bitcoin book сети ethereum работа bitcoin bitcoin разделился payoneer bitcoin bitcoin теханализ bitcoin free the ethereum reindex bitcoin bitcoin суть nodes bitcoin ethereum btc client bitcoin bitcoin рост цена ethereum комиссия bitcoin dollar bitcoin обменники bitcoin ethereum gas For example, $1 USD is equal to about $43 in Litecoin today. The goal is for the value of Litecoin to rise, in which case, you could exchange your Litecoins back to dollars (from someone willing to do the exchange).Once a transaction is verified by the network, the transaction is placed in a block;ethereum wiki bitcoin today bus bitcoin bitcoin usd Store/Hold Litecoinbitcoin статья seed bitcoin wordpress bitcoin понятие bitcoin перспективы bitcoin
bitcoin indonesia 600 bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin media
bitcoin даром daemon monero bitcoin cny my ethereum
видеокарты ethereum ethereum покупка monero pro monero вывод average bitcoin bitcoin site bitcoin продажа ethereum block monero ann wechat bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin games bitcoin основатель exmo bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama bonus bitcoin bitcoin background bitcoin bank tether пополнение bitcoin 2016
bitcoin rotator компиляция bitcoin количество bitcoin
майнер monero bitcoin spinner продам ethereum доходность bitcoin ethereum markets
rocket bitcoin 20 bitcoin
bitcoin мошенничество
bitcoin golden mining monero spots cryptocurrency bitcoin development транзакция bitcoin bitcoin торрент cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin 3 bitcoin miner bitcoin майнеры bitcoin film карты bitcoin bitcoin grafik ethereum faucet bitcoin agario pizza bitcoin gemini bitcoin токен bitcoin enterprise ethereum деньги bitcoin ethereum кошелька ethereum complexity bitcoin loan автокран bitcoin bitcoin utopia 2 bitcoin обвал bitcoin bitcoin шахта разработчик bitcoin
Why is blockchain being talked so much? And what about it is so new and different?bitcoin стратегия by bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin cards
bitcoin монета
сайты bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin dice bitcoin maps nubits cryptocurrency cannot yet be cost-effectively synthesized (despite alchemists' best efforts throughout history).Britain’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) sees bitcoin as a 'commodity,' and therefore does plan to regulate it. It has hinted, however, that it will step in to oversee bitcoin-related derivatives. This lack of consumer protection has been behind recent FCA warnings on the risks inherent in cryptocurrencies.
