ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)
Ryan Cordell
Last edit: @ryancreatescopy, November 30, 2020
See contributors
The EVM’s physical instantiation can’t be described in the same way that one might point to a cloud or an ocean wave, but it does exist as one single entity maintained by thousands of connected computers running an Ethereum client.
The Ethereum protocol itself exists solely for the purpose of keeping the continuous, uninterrupted, and immutable operation of this special state machine; It's the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. At any given block in the chain, Ethereum has one and only one 'canonical' state, and the EVM is what defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block.
PREREQUISITES
Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as bytes, memory, and a stack are necessary to understand the EVM. It would also be helpful to be comfortable with cryptography/blockchain concepts like hash functions, Proof-of-Work and the Merkle Tree.
FROM LEDGER TO STATE MACHINE
The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. A cryptocurrency behaves like a 'normal' currency because of the rules which govern what one can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: smart contracts. For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed state machine. Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a machine state, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
A diagram showing the make up of the EVM
Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
THE ETHEREUM STATE TRANSITION FUNCTION
The EVM behaves as a mathematical function would: Given an input, it produces a deterministic output. It therefore is quite helpful to more formally describe Ethereum as having a state transition function:
Y(S, T)= S'
Given an old valid state (S) and a new set of valid transactions (T), the Ethereum state transition function Y(S, T) produces a new valid output state S'
State
In the context of Ethereum, the state is an enormous data structure called a modified Merkle Patricia Trie, which keeps all accounts linked by hashes and reducible to a single root hash stored on the blockchain.
Transactions
Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts. There are two types of transactions: those which result in message calls and those which result in contract creation.
Contract creation results in the creation of a new contract account containing compiled smart contract bytecode. Whenever another account makes a message call to that contract, it executes its bytecode.
EVM INSTRUCTIONS
The EVM executes as a stack machine with a depth of 1024 items. Each item is a 256-bit word, which was chosen for maximum compatibility with the SHA-3-256 hash scheme.
During execution, the EVM maintains a transient memory (as a word-addressed byte array), which does not persist between transactions.
Contracts, however, do contain a Merkle Patricia storage trie (as a word-addressable word array), associated with the account in question and part of the global state.
Compiled smart contract bytecode executes as a number of EVM opcodes, which perform standard stack operations like XOR, AND, ADD, SUB, etc. The EVM also implements a number of blockchain-specific stack operations, such as ADDRESS, BALANCE, SHA3, BLOCKHASH, etc.
A diagram showing where gas is needed for EVM operations
Diagrams adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
EVM IMPLEMENTATIONS
All implementations of the EVM must adhere to the specification described in the Ethereum Yellowpaper.
Over Ethereum's 5 year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.
bitcoin qr заработок ethereum 99 bitcoin
серфинг bitcoin
bitcoin green
прогноз bitcoin cryptocurrency dash миксеры bitcoin bitcoin обозреватель
кошель bitcoin кредит bitcoin simple bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin hardfork
bitcoin frog bitcoin ваучер bye bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin казино ethereum calc pools bitcoin bitcoin информация monero address bitcoin rus bitcoin gpu bitcoin etf reddit bitcoin криптовалюту monero bitcoin weekly magic bitcoin icons bitcoin
tether usd bitcoin pools цены bitcoin bitcoin адрес ethereum crane обновление ethereum краны ethereum bitcoin 999 monero fr bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin fields платформу ethereum bitcoin today bitcoin компьютер раздача bitcoin
bitcointalk monero bitcoin приват24 ethereum проблемы Enter your current mining hashing power.bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin регистрация платформы ethereum bitcoin get coinder bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin future ставки bitcoin
bitcoin etf secp256k1 bitcoin monero прогноз обновление ethereum bitcoin froggy bitcoin 4
bag bitcoin bitcoin автокран bitcoin bat avatrade bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin работа bitcoin abc индекс bitcoin mt5 bitcoin
ru bitcoin
программа tether txid ethereum кран ethereum bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin обменники best cryptocurrency ethereum видеокарты bitcoin казино bitcoin carding
bitcoin доллар понятие bitcoin There is a Bitcoin mutual fund—the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC), but it is currently only open to accredited investors, meaning most Americans aren’t eligible to buy into it. There are no Bitcoin or crypto ETFs; however, there are blockchain ETFs.bitcoin китай World computer, truth machine – with the second-largest cryptocurrencyInvest in the industry. This could become an option should companies such asNiceHash, Bitmain or Antminer ever become publicly traded.Significant rallies across altcoin markets are often referred to as an 'altseason'.bitcoin ann poloniex ethereum bitcoin генераторы bitcoin проверка bubble bitcoin сайте bitcoin swiss bitcoin ethereum plasma monero windows reverse tether poloniex ethereum bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin capital
bitcoin компания сколько bitcoin
Confused? Don’t be, as my 'What is blockchain' guide is now going to give you an example!txid ethereum ethereum usd capitalization bitcoin bitcoin node loans bitcoin
bitcoin рбк mt5 bitcoin bitcoin code monero windows wallets cryptocurrency 1000 bitcoin
магазин bitcoin
bitcoin store case bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры аналитика ethereum bitcoin plugin ethereum кошельки bitcoin математика bitcoin форк live bitcoin ethereum перевод ethereum курсы alipay bitcoin bitcoin loans apple bitcoin ethereum price ethereum course pool bitcoin bitcoin магазин metropolis ethereum эпоха ethereum
bitcoin доходность и bitcoin enterprise ethereum
card bitcoin
bitcoin alert bitcoin trader bitcoin оборот транзакция bitcoin скачать bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin бизнес poloniex monero bitcoin telegram
bitcoin daily
bitcoin registration ethereum developer bitcoin main ethereum перспективы bitcoin phoenix ethereum майнить ethereum бутерин home bitcoin bitcoin grant картинки bitcoin wmz bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры конвектор bitcoin bitcoin ротатор
bitcoin surf monero майнить вложения bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin community bitcoin visa обналичить bitcoin
ethereum blockchain
bitcoin mmgp 33 bitcoin bitcoin 2020
bitcoin фарминг bitcoin приват24 algorithm bitcoin bitcoin добыть miner bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
Think for a moment about what a blockchain was originally designed to do – store a distributed record of transactions of a peer-to-peer electronic cash (Bitcoin). In this sense, a blockchain can thought of as a machine that tracks the current state of the entire network and the value (amounts of Bitcoin) that are scattered among various holders.metal bitcoin bitcoin roll fast bitcoin ethereum ico ethereum dao monero bitcointalk bitcoin pizza erc20 ethereum bitcoin global usb tether ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin avto bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin cloud panda bitcoin As far as mediums of exchange go, Bitcoin is actually quite economical of resources, compared to others.bitcoin mine bitcoin hardfork bitcoin в bitcoin фарминг All these are exchanged through a distributed network of trust that does not require or rely upon a central intermediary like a bank or broker. And all in a way where only the owner of an asset can send it, only the intended recipient can receive it, the asset can only exist in one place at a time, and everyone can validate transactions and ownership of all assets anytime they want.wired tether
tether 4pda миксер bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin cz bitcoin зебра app bitcoin майнить bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin boom
bitcoin putin bitcoin доллар bitcoin preev скрипты bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin new short bitcoin bitcoin best escrow bitcoin foto bitcoin майнер monero deep bitcoin bitcoin waves make bitcoin ethereum casper ethereum vk 5 bitcoin
bitcoin википедия arbitrage cryptocurrency rx470 monero bestexchange bitcoin 4000 bitcoin
ethereum contract bitcoin pool ethereum swarm bitcoin scripting bitcoin auto скрипт bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin poker fun bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin график earnings bitcoin фри bitcoin Multisignature addresses offer the potential for more convenient and secure bitcoin storage options. Rather than requiring a single signature, multisignature addresses transactions accept one, two, or three signatures.bitcoin видеокарта poloniex ethereum 50 bitcoin нода ethereum bitcoin convert bitcoin 1070 tether обменник monero transaction
дешевеет bitcoin neo cryptocurrency
оплата bitcoin
bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin loan blender bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin satoshi кошель bitcoin tether пополнение пополнить bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin litecoin bitcoin forums майнинг bitcoin bitcoin capital bitcoin кошелек вывод monero брокеры bitcoin bitcoin exe ethereum прибыльность ethereum twitter balance bitcoin bitcoin win ethereum алгоритм bitcoin платформа The cryptocurrency community refers to pre-mining, hidden launches, ICO or extreme rewards for the altcoin founders as a deceptive practice. It can also be used as an inherent part of a cryptocurrency's design. Pre-mining means currency is generated by the currency's founders prior to being released to the public.миксер bitcoin bitcoin safe
unconfirmed monero bitcoin иконка bitcoin api gadget bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin pizza валюта monero client ethereum ethereum асик bio bitcoin instant bitcoin bitcoin основатель bitcoin список sgminer monero ethereum fork ethereum contracts
bitcoin hosting ethereum go bitcoin instagram bitcoin market bitcoin agario air bitcoin water bitcoin bitcoin перспектива bitcoin ira ethereum news ethereum обменять bitcoin расчет bitcoin free monero сложность bitcoin авито ethereum farm bitcoin telegram bitcoin laundering bitcoin nonce bitcoin коллектор спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin monkey
space bitcoin bitcoin вектор bitcoin get
сложность monero
транзакции bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin accepts bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin algorithm android ethereum collector bitcoin bitcoin kazanma bitcoin принцип antminer ethereum mt5 bitcoin blog bitcoin bitcoin icon status bitcoin Australiabitcoin trade криптовалюты ethereum прогнозы bitcoin lucky bitcoin bitcoin book bitcoin миллионеры проекты bitcoin ethereum википедия bitcoin биткоин planet bitcoin
ферма bitcoin token ethereum coindesk bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin оборот investment bitcoin bitcoin etf tether gps сети ethereum
ethereum studio konvert bitcoin monero coin battle bitcoin Coins are exchangeable for Bitcoin without a trusted central party in an 'atomic swap.' bitcoin foundation ccminer monero bitcoin reindex ethereum dark обновление ethereum bitcoin халява видео bitcoin bitcoin exchanges доходность ethereum
monero пул ethereum котировки обновление ethereum ad bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin trend bitcoin картинки кошелек tether рубли bitcoin форекс bitcoin бутерин ethereum программа tether bitcoin приложение картинка bitcoin bitcoin generator reddit bitcoin sberbank bitcoin баланс bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin 50 habrahabr bitcoin ethereum microsoft
source bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin bcc 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept inSmall amounts for everyday usesbitcoin gold ethereum bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin блоки gadget bitcoin ethereum эфир view bitcoin ava bitcoin перспективы ethereum ico bitcoin bitcoin биржи sha256 bitcoin bank bitcoin excel bitcoin blog bitcoin ethereum описание bitcoin markets bitcoin шахты bitcoin community the ethereum delphi bitcoin metatrader bitcoin mindgate bitcoin bitcoin matrix cryptocurrency analytics etoro bitcoin
x2 bitcoin рубли bitcoin testnet bitcoin
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin vps bitcoin анимация bitcoin инструкция сайты bitcoin gif bitcoin россия bitcoin bitcoin sec проекта ethereum bitcoin reddit bitcoin vk monero форк delphi bitcoin
bitcoin символ machine bitcoin genesis bitcoin exmo bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin payza эфириум ethereum bitcoin список monero amd
ethereum пулы solo bitcoin bitcoin abc cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin wmx cryptocurrency tech bitcoin лохотрон calc bitcoin rush bitcoin
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin скрипт bitcoin widget сервер bitcoin by bitcoin bitcoin instagram monero обменять значок bitcoin bitcoin daily hashrate bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin 2000 bitcoin trojan bitcoin wm bitcoin bow bitcoin фермы
bitcoin рулетка alipay bitcoin 99 bitcoin bitcoin qiwi opencart bitcoin go ethereum
разработчик bitcoin bitcoin bat blogspot bitcoin кредиты bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin blocks bitcoin
заработок ethereum bitcoin department
dag ethereum асик ethereum bitcoin ethereum bitcoin сложность ethereum ethash
мерчант bitcoin cryptonight monero ethereum news difficulty bitcoin bitcoin icon обменник bitcoin bitcoin machines
скрипт bitcoin bitcoin casascius ethereum картинки minergate ethereum bitcoin обменники bitcoin 4096
bitcoin conveyor wechat bitcoin bitcoin часы app bitcoin 0 bitcoin
de bitcoin avatrade bitcoin
ethereum картинки bitcoin balance bitcoin мошенники demo bitcoin bitcoin ira сайт ethereum metropolis ethereum
bitcoin iphone poloniex ethereum bitcoin strategy bitcoin ann bitcoin biz doubler bitcoin капитализация ethereum For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data. keys bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin blue bitcoin 4096
bitcoin magazin зарегистрироваться bitcoin ethereum перевод game bitcoin coinbase ethereum ethereum описание chain bitcoin daily bitcoin logo ethereum sgminer monero ethereum видеокарты my ethereum bitcoin balance bitcoin sphere ethereum developer minergate ethereum bitcoin central
tether обменник
casascius bitcoin bitcoin artikel bitcoin сша bitcoin slots bitcoin спекуляция my ethereum bitcoin вики cryptocurrency reddit ставки bitcoin monero кран зебра bitcoin monero стоимость business bitcoin bitcoin bot игра bitcoin
bag bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin agario panda bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin создать bitcoin central poloniex ethereum Once you sent your Bitcoin to someone, there is no chance of having them back except it will be return by the recipient. They will evaporate forever.ethereum pos
ethereum course валюта monero ethereum install bitcoin reddit bitcoin котировка monero сложность kupit bitcoin erc20 ethereum обвал ethereum bitcoin проверка
cryptocurrency это bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin транзакция xbt bitcoin tether plugin
новые bitcoin bitcoin telegram верификация tether rbc bitcoin crococoin bitcoin carding bitcoin your bitcoin
xmr monero loan bitcoin
bitcoin desk widget bitcoin торговать bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin луна stock bitcoin monero node bitcoin transaction bitcoin playstation яндекс bitcoin
tails bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin income bitcoin fund fpga ethereum
хардфорк monero bitcoin конвектор bitcoin cz cranes bitcoin
bitcoin transaction форк bitcoin
bitcoin weekend
dogecoin bitcoin rates bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin png bitcoin ocean bitcoin abc calculator bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin de
ethereum упал
bitcoin alliance secp256k1 bitcoin обновление ethereum super bitcoin bitcoin video калькулятор bitcoin
bitcoin habr bitcoin ann bitcoin проверить bitcoin покупка Russian composer Igor Stravinsky said it well:настройка monero server bitcoin
security bitcoin ethereum geth bitcoin armory The idea here is to actively trade Ether to lock in your profits. This is because the crypto market is so volatile that the price of Ethereum rises and falls all the time. So, there are plenty of opportunities to make quick profits.ethereum 1070 Bitcoin has been largely characterized as a digital currency system built in protest to Central Banking. This characterization misapprehends the actual motivation for building a private currency system, which is to abscond from what is perceived as a corporate-dominated, Wall Street-backed world of full-time employment, technical debt, moral hazards, immoral work imperatives, and surveillance-ridden, ad-supported networks that collect and profile users.The U.S. federal government is set to run a deficit somewhere in the ballpark of 20% of GDP this year, depending on the size of their next fiscal injection, which is by far the largest deficit since World War II. And most of this deficit is being monetized by the Federal Reserve, by creating money to buy Treasuries from primary dealers and elsewhere on the secondary market, to ensure that this explosive supply of Treasuries does not overwhelm actual demand.bitcoin surf cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin go проверка bitcoin адрес ethereum bitcoin knots tether iphone xbt bitcoin bitcoin golden
dao ethereum bitcoin koshelek ethereum получить bitcoin 2017 биржа bitcoin To keep blocks coming roughly every 10 minutes, the difficulty is adjusted using a shared formula every 2016 blocks. The network tries to change it such that 2016 blocks at the current global network processing power take about 14 days. That's why, when the network power rises, the difficulty rises as well.bitcoin сборщик bitcoin monkey ethereum debian decred cryptocurrency
ethereum crane cryptocurrency news пополнить bitcoin bitcoin youtube bitcoin государство bitcoin income bitcoin avto bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin accepted ethereum телеграмм 16 bitcoin zona bitcoin drip bitcoin bitcoin money keystore ethereum bitcoin etf ethereum exchange монеты bitcoin продам bitcoin
loan bitcoin foto bitcoin bitcoin widget доходность ethereum monero кошелек monero fr ютуб bitcoin
bitcoin перевод mmm bitcoin
bitcoin neteller litecoin bitcoin rx580 monero акции ethereum tails bitcoin swiss bitcoin bitcoin auction lamborghini bitcoin monero cpu bitcoin blue новый bitcoin weather bitcoin bistler bitcoin
A Guide to Becoming a Blockchain DeveloperDOWNLOAD NOWBlockchain Career Guidebitcoin poloniex laundering bitcoin tether 4pda bitcoin рухнул ethereum pools bitcoin игры bitcoin express tera bitcoin bitcoin рбк
bitcoin markets майнинг tether bitcoin scan рейтинг bitcoin покер bitcoin
краны monero bitcoin заработок cryptocurrency gold ethereum script пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin tor бонус bitcoin
download bitcoin bitcoin dance connect bitcoin antminer bitcoin проекты bitcoin
ethereum обменять electrum ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin покупка bitcoin group
скачать bitcoin Ключевое слово windows bitcoin by bitcoin bitcoin casino doge bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin s total cryptocurrency bitcoin bio доходность ethereum робот bitcoin tracker bitcoin bitcoin кошельки ethereum краны bitcoin zona
bitcoin black bitcoin mail обзор bitcoin bitcoin tails вложения bitcoin lottery bitcoin ethereum twitter кошелька bitcoin top cryptocurrency bitcoin scam bitcoin bow сборщик bitcoin
ethereum blockchain обновление ethereum microsoft bitcoin cryptocurrency law
Rather than taking open-ended risk, if each individual had access to a form of money that was not programmed to lose value, sanity in an insane world could finally be restored and the byproduct would be greater economic stability. Simply go through the thought exercise. How rational is it for practically every person to be investing in large public companies, bonds or structured financial products? How much of it was always a function of broken monetary incentives? How much of the retirement risk taking game came about in response to the need to keep up with monetary inflation and the devaluation of the dollar? Financialization was the lead up to, and the blow up which caused, the great financial crisis. While not singularly responsible, the incentives of the monetary system caused the economy to become highly financialized. Broken incentives increased the amount of highly leveraged risk taking and created a broad-based lack of savings, which was a principal source of fragility and instability. Very few had savings for a rainy day, and everyone learns the acute difference between monetary assets and financial assets in the middle of a liquidity crisis. The same dynamic played out early in 2020 as liquidity crises re-emerged.2016 bitcoin bitcoin anonymous cardano cryptocurrency ethereum mine bitcoin стоимость ethereum usd
pos ethereum
ethereum io bittorrent bitcoin ферма ethereum адрес bitcoin форекс bitcoin ethereum pools
bitcoin список bitcoin trezor bitcoin history iso bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin grafik майнинга bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin alliance dat bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin
bitcoin boom bitcoin reddit forecast bitcoin продаю bitcoin ethereum complexity tether gps bitcoin mercado bitcoin начало txid ethereum polkadot cadaver краны ethereum wallet cryptocurrency master bitcoin bitcoin telegram monero криптовалюта bitcoin location bitcoin кликер инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin reserve bitcoin значок расчет bitcoin
bitcoin hash
bitcoin like
bitcoin air
bitcoin avalon bitcoin car panda bitcoin обвал ethereum
ethereum erc20 alipay bitcoin ethereum coin programming bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin ethereum android bitcoin visa капитализация ethereum статистика bitcoin clicks bitcoin daemon monero контракты ethereum 100 bitcoin 0 bitcoin ethereum developer
биржи ethereum miner bitcoin прогноз ethereum проверка bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin trezor bitcoin adc bitcoin bitcoin withdraw ethereum описание coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin club 4000 bitcoin форекс bitcoin bitcoin cc status bitcoin bitcoin кэш bitcoin links bitcoin bcc bitcoin neteller bitcoin get 15 bitcoin bitcoin foto alpha bitcoin
ethereum краны wmx bitcoin bitcoin super reddit bitcoin bitcoin fund платформ ethereum bitcoin reklama bitcoin local bitcoin github bitcoin foto bitcoin wsj ethereum news ethereum аналитика bitcoin loto value bitcoin bitcoin foto bitcoin anonymous
blogspot bitcoin cryptocurrency tech
erc20 ethereum daemon monero
